Immunohistochemistry for Pathologists: Protocols, Pitfalls, and Tips
نویسندگان
چکیده
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an important auxiliary method for pathologists in routine diagnostic work as well as in basic and clinical research including exploration of biomarkers, as IHC allows confirmation of target molecule expressions in the context of microenvironment. Although there has been a considerable progress in automation and standardization of IHC, there are still many things to be considered in proper optimization and appropriate interpretation. In this review, we aim to provide possible pitfalls and useful tips for practicing pathologists and residents in pathology training. First, general procedure of IHC is summarized, followed by pitfalls and tips in each step and a summary of troubleshooting. Second, ways to an accurate interpretation of IHC are discussed, with introduction to general quantification and analysis methods. This review is not intended to provide complete information on IHC, but to be used as a basic reference for practice and publication.
منابع مشابه
Diagnostic Value of Calretinin and S100 Immunohistochemistry in Hirschsprung's Disease
Background Rectal biopsy and its histopathological study with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) is the gold standard for Hirschsprung's disease (HD) diagnosis. However, there are some limitations in the diagnosis of ganglion cells in HE approach. Recently, it was reported that the utility of Calretinin is a reliable ancillary immunohistochemistry (IHC) test for HD diagn...
متن کاملUpdate on Immunohistochemistry for the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer
Immunohistochemistry is a widely available technique that is less challenging and can provide clinically meaningful results quickly and cost-efficiently in comparison with other techniques. In addition, immunohistochemistry allows for the evaluation of cellular localization of proteins in the context of tumor structure. In an era of precision medicine, pathologists are required to classify lung...
متن کاملA practical approach to undifferentiated tumors: A review on helpful markers and common pitfalls
The term “undifferentiated” tumor is commonly used by pathologists when a tumor lacking evidence of lineage differentiation on the basis of routine light microscopic morphology is encountered. Immunohistochemistry plays an important role in elucidating the true nature of the undifferentiated tumor that is crucial for clinical management. Since undifferentiated round cell tumors can be mimicked ...
متن کاملUse of Immunohistochemical Stains in Epithelial Lesions of the Breast.
BACKGROUND During the last few decades, immunohistochemistry (IHC) has become an integral part of pathology. Although hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain remains the fundamental basis for diagnostic pathology of the breast, IHC stains provide useful and sometimes vital information. Moreover, considering the role of hormonal therapy in hormone receptor-positive breast tumors, as well as the avai...
متن کاملTips on hybridizing, washing, and scanning affymetrix microarrays.
Starting in the late 1990s, Affymetrix, Inc. produced a commercial system for hybridizing, washing, and scanning microarrays that was designed to be easy to operate and reproducible. The system used arrays packaged in a plastic cassette or chamber in which the prefabricated array was mounted and could be filled with fluid through resealable membrane ports either by hand or by an automated "flui...
متن کامل